Because of its climate (average annual temperature of 7 °C (45 °F)), it is in this area that one finds the greatest diversity of species, including more than 1600 vascular plants and 440 vertebrates. Read more Various buildings reflect the architectural heritage that characterizes Quebec, such as religious buildings, city halls, houses of large estates, and other locations throughout the province. ", "Le Québec, la puissance énergétique verte du continent? Les Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois is a festival surrounding the ceremony of the Jutra Awards Night that rewards work and personalities of Quebec cinema. Around 55,000 immigrants came to Quebec in 2012, and the government believes this is too many. Quebec's motto is 'Je me souviens', or 'I remember.' Various museums tell the cultural history of Quebec, like the Museum of Civilization, the Museum of French America, the McCord Museum or the Montreal Museum of Archaeology and History in Pointe-à-Callière, displaying artifacts, paintings and other remains from the past of Quebec. The flag in its present form with its 4 white "fleur-de-lis" lilies on a blue background with a white cross replaced the Union Jack on Quebec's Parliament Building on January 21, 1948. Primary industries sustain small cities in regions of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, and Côte-Nord. They began construction of a series of fortifications to protect the area. The Quebec province is rich in the more significant number of dense forests, lakes, and rivers. In between, it covers in Quebec near 800 km (497 mi), from the Montérégie hills to the Gaspé Peninsula. With its cinematic installations, such as the Cité du cinéma and Mel's studios, the city of Montreal is home to the filming of various productions. About 7 million Canadians are descended from these original 2,600 colonists. This compares to the population of 7.9 million at the 2011 census. It includes such works as The Old Canadians, Maria Chapdelaine, Un homme et son péché, Le Survenant, etc. [224][225] At the request of Premier Robert Bourassa, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act. The first was the Meech Lake Accord of 1987, which was finally abandoned in 1990 when the province of Manitoba did not pass it within the established deadline. Consult "Differences between Statistics Canada's census counts and population estimates" to learn more about this topic. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. [95], Loyalists soon petitioned the government to be allowed to use the British legal system they were It has many similarities with Acadian cuisine. In 1758, the British mounted an attack on New France by sea and took the French fort at Louisbourg. (212) 419-8286 Afable, Patricia O. and Madison S. Beeler (1996). [103] Pierre Trudeau and other liberals formed an intellectual opposition to Duplessis's regime, setting the groundwork for the Quiet Revolution under Jean Lesage's Liberals. Historically June 24 was a holiday honouring French Canada's patron saint, St. John the Baptist, which is why it is commonly known as La Saint-Jean-Baptiste (often shortened to La St-Jean). Population: 8,164,361; Official language: French Majority group: Francophone (77.1%) Minority groups: Allophone (13.15%), Anglophone (7.45%), Aboriginals (0.6%), native speakers of two languages or more (2.3%) Among the ten provinces of Canada, Quebec is the only one whose majority is francophone. The government hopes to create a strong culture of innovation in Quebec for the next decades and to create a sustainable economy. Lévesque insisted Quebec be able to veto any future constitutional amendments. The Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vidéo (ADISQ) was created in 1978 to promote the music industry in Quebec. [97] They made a Declaration of Rights with equality for all citizens without discrimination and a Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada in 1838. The expression La belle province is still used mostly in tourism as a nickname for the province. Home → America → Canada. Basically, this approach was designed with the intent of keeping French and English as far apart as possible. The distribution areas of the paper birch, the trembling aspen and the mountain ash cover more than half of Quebec territory.[66]. Quebec is a mainly French-speaking society, and the defense of its language and culture colors all politics in the province (in French, the province's name is spelled Québec). [190] One of the most recent is the discovery of the complex extrasolar planets system HR 8799. Interestingly, Nunavut and Yukon, two of Canada’s three territories, have the lowest population at just ninety people combined. French settlers populating North America were interested in a new cuisine to confront the climate and the needs arising from the work of colonization. Among the birds commonly seen in the southern inhabited part of Quebec, there are the American robin, the house sparrow, the red-winged blackbird, the mallard, the common grackle, the blue jay, the American crow, the black-capped chickadee, some warblers and swallows, the starling and the rock pigeon, the latter two having been introduced in Quebec and are found mainly in urban areas. This contrasts with its fertility rates before 1960, which were among the highest of any industrialized society. Quebec is the only province whose official language is French. [173] However, only 40% of the mineral potential of Quebec is currently known. The Wildlife Foundation of Quebec and the Data Centre on Natural Heritage of Quebec (CDPNQ)(French acronym)[63] are the main agencies working with officers for wildlife conservation in Quebec. The festivities occur on June 23 and 24 and are celebrated all over Quebec. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. Further south lie the subarctic taiga of the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga ecoregion and the boreal forest of the Central Canadian Shield forests, where spruce, fir, and poplar trees provide raw materials for Quebec's pulp and paper and lumber industries. La province de Québec est la plus grande province canadienne : les deux autres provinces comparables au Québec sont l'Ontario et l… The Canadian Shield also has a complex hydrological network of perhaps a million lakes, bogs, streams and rivers. In 2020, the estimated population of Quebec was about 8.57 million people. The Loyalists were thus given land grants of 200 acres (81 ha) per person. At the time of Confederation, the total population of the British North American colonies was about 3.5 million, of which 75% lived in United Canada (Quebec and Ontario). The topography of the Shield has been shaped by glaciers from the successive ice ages, which explains the glacial deposits of boulders, gravel and sand, and by sea water and post-glacial lakes that left behind thick deposits of clay in parts of the Shield. Later in the 17th century, the trading was created for exporting the wood and other products from the province of Ontario. [198] Montreal is ranked 4th in North America for the number of jobs in the pharmaceutical sector.[198][199]. This result caused a split in the Quebec Liberal Party that led to the formation of the new Action démocratique (Democratic Action) party led by Mario Dumont and Jean Allaire. British Columbia Population 2019; Manitoba Population 2019; Nova Scotia Population 2019; Ontario Population 2019; Quebec Province Population 2019; New Brunswick Population 2019; Newfoundland and Labrador Population 2019; Saskatchewan Population 2019 Quebec stands out particularly in the mining sector, ranking among the top ten areas to do business in mining. Name Abbr. Quebec is the only province where French is the only provincial official language with a mostly French-speaking population. Northeast of Quebec City, the river broadens into the world's largest estuary, the feeding site of numerous species of whales, fish, and seabirds. The population of Quebec (Québec) by census years. From New France, Quebec literature was first developed in the travel accounts of explorers such as Jacques Cartier, Jean de Brébeuf, the Baron de La Hontan and Nicolas Perrot, describing their relations with indigenous peoples. Avec une superficie de 1 542 056 km23, le Québec est la plus grande province canadienne, et la deuxième plus vaste entité territoriale après le Nunavut. used to in the American colonies. The fleur-de-lis, the ancient symbol of the French monarchy, first arrived on the shores of the Gaspésie in 1534 with Jacques Cartier on his first voyage. The National Theatre School of Canada and the Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec form the future players. Quebec has more than 450 biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies which together employ more than 25,000 people and 10,000 highly qualified researchers. [72] French fishing fleets, however, continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances with First Nations that would become important once France began to occupy the land.[73]. [20] The Treaty of Paris (1783) ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. The National Circus School and the École de cirque de Québec were created to train future Contemporary circus artists. Many more species of land, maritime or avian wildlife are seen in Quebec, but most of the Quebec-specific species and the most commonly seen species are listed above. Thus, the development of Quebec masterpieces in painting, printmaking and sculpture is marked by the contribution of artists such as Louis-Philippe Hébert, Cornelius Krieghoff, Alfred Laliberté, Marc-Aurèle Fortin, Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté, Jean Paul Lemieux, Clarence Gagnon, Adrien Dufresne, Alfred Pellan, Jean-Philippe Dallaire, Charles Daudelin, Arthur Villeneuve, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Paul-Émile Borduas and Marcelle Ferron. Lines on the road dividing the direction of traffic was first seen near the border of Quebec in 1930. Vol. [46][47] In periods of intense heat and cold, temperatures can reach 35 °C (95 °F) in the summer[48] and −40 °C (−40 °F) during the Quebec winter,[48] They may vary depending on the Humidex or Wind chill. [34] The river empties into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. [166], The pulp and paper industries generate annual shipments valued at more than $14 billion. In 2002, Quebec … [28] Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the varying composition of the ground, the climate (latitude and altitude), and the proximity to water. Linguistic map of the province of Quebec (source: Statistics Canada, 2006 census): Indigenous peoples and European exploration, Seven Years' War and capitulation of New France. With a land area of 1,356,625.27 km2 (523,795.95 sq mi), it had a population density of 6.0/km2 (15.6/sq mi) in 2016. Quebec is the largest Canadian province in area (though the territory of Nunavut is larger) and the second largest in population, after Ontario. [86] In 1754, George Washington launched a surprise attack on a group of Canadian soldiers sleeping in the early morning hours. Lawrence Marine Park until the Île d'Orléans (French for Orleans Island), such as the blue whale, the beluga, the minke whale and the harp seal (earless seal). Quebec City is the capital of the locale of Quebec.In the year 2015, it had a population of about of 528,772, making it the 10th biggest city in Canada. [58] [200] Other organizations, such as the Canadian Coast Guard and Nav Canada, provide the same service for the sea and air transportation. Authorities in New France became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from the Ohio Valley. [39] The mixed forest is a transition zone between the Canadian boreal forest and deciduous forest. These air masses encounter the cold Labrador Current, which creates cool summers in the northeastern regions. British Columbia has the fourth largest at 79,310 people. It mainly covers the areas of the Centre-du-Québec, Laval, Montérégie and Montreal, the southern regions of the Capitale-Nationale, Lanaudière, Laurentides, Mauricie and includes Anticosti Island, the Mingan Archipelago,[36] and other small islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests ecoregion. [204], The upper air network includes 43 airports that offer scheduled services on a daily basis. [174] Moreover, as a major centre of exploration for diamonds,[175] Quebec has seen, since 2002, an increase in its mineral explorations, particularly in the Northwest as well as in the Otish Mountains and the Torngat Mountains. The abundance of natural resources gives Quebec an advantageous position on the world market. Pilon, Robert, Isabelle Lamoureux, and Gilles Turcotte (1991). [38] The combination of rich and easily arable soils and Quebec's relatively warm climate makes this valley the most prolific agricultural area of Quebec province. By 1756, France and Britain were battling the Seven Years' War worldwide. The Fine arts of Quebec are displayed at the Quebec National Museum of Fine Arts, the Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the Quebec Salon des métiers d'art and in many art galleries. Numerous wars and dispute took place in On… English was also used in the legislature, government commissions and courts. The larger groups are the Mohawk Indian reserves.The visible minority groups include: Quebec has a smaller number visible minority groups than British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Manitoba and most visible minorities live in the Montreal metropolitan area. [23] This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867. The population development of Quebec according to official estimates. [144][verification needed] The economy of Quebec is ranked the 37th largest economy in the world just behind Greece and 28th for the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.[145][146]. Province in Canada. Among the Nordic marine animals, there are two particularly important to cite: the walrus and the narwhal. [172] It also stands for the exploitation of its forest resources. During World War II, the participation of Quebec was more important but led to the Conscription Crisis of 1944 and opposition. [40] The climate of the province is largely determined by its latitude, maritime and elevation influences. Since 2007, the government promotes, with the various players in the field, the conclusion of agreements on the use of property belonging to episcopal factories and corporations to establish "partnerships in financing the restoration and renovation of religious buildings". The Cinémathèque québécoise has a mandate to promote the film and television heritage of Quebec. [101], As a result of those deliberations, in 1867 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the British North America Acts, providing for the Confederation of most of these provinces. During its history, Quebec has hosted several major sporting events; including the 1976 Summer Olympics, the Fencing World Championships in 1967, track cycling in 1974, and the Transat Québec-Saint-Malo race created for the first time in 1984. [74] In 1608, he returned as head of an exploration party and founded Quebec City with the intention of making the area part of the French colonial empire. They won 12 of Canada's 29 medals at the most recent Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang (2018); they won 12 of the 27 Canadian medals in Sochi (2014); and 9 of the 26 Canadian medals in Vancouver (2010). The existing constitutional document, the British North America Act, could only be amended by the United Kingdom Parliament upon a request by the Canadian parliament. Gen. of Quebec v. Blaikie et al., 1979 CanLII 21 (S.C.C. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. [27], Located in the eastern part of Canada, and (from a historical and political perspective) part of Central Canada, Quebec occupies a territory nearly three times the size of France or Texas, most of which is very sparsely populated. This compares to the population of 7.9 million at the 2011 census. The first cheese-making school in North America was established in Saint-Denis-de-Kamouraska in 1893. It has about 30 mines, 158 exploration companies and fifteen primary processing industries. The Société de développement des entreprises culturelles (SODEC) works to promote and fund individuals working in the cultural industry. Overview as of the 2016 census. [181] It is also considered as one of the world leaders in sectors such as aerospace, information technology, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, and therefore plays a significant role in the world's scientific and technological communities. (free Quebec!) [153] Quebec's spending in R&D in 2011 was equal to 2.63% of GDP, above the European Union average of 1.84% and will have to reaches the target of devoting 3% of GDP to research and development activities in 2013 according to the Lisbon Strategy. In 2003, 3886 cargo and 9.7 million tonnes of goods transited the Quebec portion of the St. Lawrence Seaway. Province. Mavis Gallant, born in Quebec, lived in Paris from the 1950s onward. It is conferred upon men and women born or living in Quebec (but non-Quebecers can be inducted as well) for outstanding achievements. Not as arid as the tundra, the taiga is associated with the sub-Arctic regions of the Canadian Shield[64] and is characterized by a greater number of both plant (600) and animal (206) species, many of which live there all year. After his loss in the referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new constitution with Trudeau, his minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and the nine other provincial premiers. Popular French-language contemporary writers include Louis Caron, Suzanne Jacob, Yves Beauchemin, and Gilles Archambault. In 2002, Quebec … The target for 2014 was lowered to 49,000 to 52,500 and that target has been reduced again for the years of 2017 through 2020. 17 of, "his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general, every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, coasts, and their inhabitants" –, Law on Archives, Law on Cultural Property and Law on art, literary and scientific contests, information and communication technologies, settlement patterns in 17th century New France, sand­wich­ing of text between two im­ages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec, Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec, Ministry of Culture and Communications (Quebec), Société de développement des entreprises culturelles, Commission tasked with consulting Quebec Society on the matter of arrangements regarding cultural diversity, Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vidéo, Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec, painters, printmakers and sculptors of Quebec, Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 and 2011 censuses", "Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories", "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2015)", "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab", one of 81 locales of pan-Canadian significance with official forms in both languages, "Community highlights for Nord-du-Québec", Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, "House of Commons passes Quebec nation motion", "Canada: A People's History – The birth of Quebec", "ABORIGINAL PEOPLES AND THE 1995 QUEBEC REFERENDUM: A SURVEY OF THE ISSUES", "The Minister of Natural Resources of Quebec and Minister for Canadian Intergovernmental Affairs express Quebec's position in relation to the constitutional changes in the designation of Newfoundland", "Comparison between the area of Quebec and various countries", "Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve of Canada", "Moyenne mensuelle des températures de Québec (ville) et Montréal", "Normales climatiques du Québec 1981-2010", "Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2008", "Climat : L'hiver le plus chaud de l'histoire du pays", "National Climate Data and Information Archive", "Loi sur les races animales du patrimoine agricole du Québec (L.R.Q., c. R-0.01)", "Register of Quebec Recognized Reserved Designations", "Fédération des producteurs d'agneaux et moutons du Québec", "Le Centre de données sur le patrimoine naturel du Québec (CDPNQ)", "The Siege of Québec: An episode of the Seven Years' War", "Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada", "LAMBTON, JOHN GEORGE, 1st Earl of Durham", "Appendix D: The Crisis per se (in chronological order — October 5, 1970, to December 29, 1970) – English text", The Charter of the French Language – Preamble, "Résolution unanime sur la nation québécoise", "Hansard; 39th Parliament, 1st Session; No. Given a warmer climate, the diversity of organisms is also higher, since there are about 850 plant species and 280 vertebrates species. After the rebellions, Lord Durham was asked to undertake a study and prepare a report on the matter and to offer a solution for the British Parliament to assess. Quebec is also home to Canada’s second largest city, and the second largest French speaking city in the world, Montreal (more than four million people). The traditional Quebecois cuisine descends from 16th century French cuisine, the fur trade and a history of hunting. [127] A 2014 report by the Fraser Institute indicated that "Relative to its size, Quebec is the most indebted province in Canada by a wide margin".[128]. Confinement in Québec and introduction of a curfew between 8 p.m. and 5 a.m. from January 9 to February 8, 2021: Stay home and consult the Confinement in Québec page for details. [118][119]. The province has a population density of 8 people per square kilometer, or 15 per square mile. Origins in this table are self-reported and respondents were allowed to give more than one answer. Quebec has subdivisions at the regional, supralocal and local levels. [42] During the summer, severe weather patterns (such as tornadoes and severe thunderstorms) occur occasionally. Currently, the song Gens du pays is by far preferred by many Quebecers to be the national anthem of Quebec. Quebec has a population of 8.4 million people, making it the second most populous after Ontario. [164], The mining industry accounted for 6.3% of Quebec's GDP. On October 30, 1995, with the Parti Québécois back in power since 1994, a second referendum on sovereignty took place. It extends northeastward from the southwestern portion of the province along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River to the Quebec City region, limited to the North by the Laurentian Mountains and to the South by the Appalachians. [206], Quebec has been described as a potential clean energy superpower. This statistic shows the median age of the resident population of Canada, distinguished by province in 2020. [221] While the Association of Producers and Directors of Quebec (APDQ) represents the business of filmmaking and television, the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters of Quebec (ARCQ) (French acronym) represents the independent radio stations.